THe Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

THe Marketing Plan - hear ExampleThe companys major challenge is to engender means of increasing the profits and gross without altering the demands of their customers and meeting their demands effectively. A SWOT analysis of the companys strengths and weakness and external opportunities and threats has organize the basis of this marketing plan. This plan focuses on the companys strategic growth plan, suggest shipway to improve profits and revenues and enhance customer relationship through delivery of quality service to the customers to plug continuity of the business. It also focuses on strategies of incuring new products and marketing the products to different market niches that will interpret increased sales to the company. Background Venus Software Company came into existence five years ago. It began as a small business that supported the exploitation of Small and Micro Enterprises systems that enable easy oversight of business. Apparently, it is corporate software develo pment organization. That develops systems for medium and large organizations. For the past five years, the organization has undergone evolution to a marketer of quality and customized made software products that supports all organizations. Sales have gradually grown in the past five years allowing the organization to work on its expansion mechanisms to meet its growing rate of customers. The organization is also committed to giving back to the community by undertaking the social responsibilities. widely distributed Objectives The overall objective is to produce a marketing plan that would meet the explicitly defined organizations requirements, bewilder to recognized standards and be within the organization budgetary and time constraints. Specific Objectives To analyze on the methods and techniques of marketing. To develop a time plan that meets the organization demands and is within the budget. To document all the finding in the development of the marketing plan. TargetMarket. Th e organization focuses on keeping its commitment to the provision of service and quality products to its customers. This has enabled the organization to develop and implement a differentiation strategy that enable it produce products that is different from the competitors, thus allowing it to have a competitive advantage over a diverse market. Through this differentiation, the organization has been able gain greater annual returns that have enabled it to develop to its current state. The targeted market includes small and medium size enterprises that deal with some(prenominal) manufacturers and retailers. Its biggest revenue earner is software that helps businesses keep track of the records of tractions between the small business, manufacturers and retailers for efficacy. The system has a heavy-armed database keep track of all transactions, provide notices in cases of bad and incomplete transactions. It also provides reports to the businesses thus change them to under their busin ess. It also provides a means of communication between the trading parties, in cases of shortage of supplies. occurrent marketing objectives Venus Software Company relies on current customers and potential customer. They give phone scratch to the potential customers and provide prototype to the customers for demonstration. Once the customer accepts, then specification from the customer obtained and the software customized tally to the customer requirements. The customized product is then shipped to

Narrative about painting The Scream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Narrative approximately painting The Scream - Essay ExampleThe essay Narrative about painting The Scream focuses on the discussion of the painting The Scream. Answers- that was what O Neill was looking for in this day. Walking to office, he remembered his call for opthalmic proof from the detective. The detective had assured him that it would be provided. There was no need to look for the veracity of his claims of course. adultery was the norm, he had said. That day, he met Charles at the office and gave him a long hard look. The thought of this man, who was his junior in the office being with his wife, filled him with white hot rage. He kept telling himself that it was just a matter of a few more hours when the entire truth would unfold before everyones eyes. He would then revel in his triumph and reveal to everybody how he had been correct. They would have the satisfaction of telling him that they had incessantly warned him of the match. They had told him that she was never fro m the same social position that he was in and would not understand the realities of his cultural position. She had be herself and the others through this action of hers. If it had not been for Isaac, he would have been left in a quandary where he would have found himself unable to pick up the shards of his life together. Delinda was at the gate, waiting for O Neill as usual. This was the way things were since the day they had gotten married. She would return early and wait for him to the gate of their house and they would go in together. Today, she tangle he was absent-minded over something.

Impact of Infrastructure on Logistics in the Third World Countries Research Paper

Impact of Infrastructure on Logistics in the Third orbit Countries - Research Paper ExampleAs the paper declares a number of empirical studies have launch that stem has a positive effect on output, especially in developing countries. Returns on infrastructure investments are generally highest during the early stages of development, when infrastructure is scarce and basic networks have not been completed. Returns tend to croak with development, sometimes sharply. This paper will examine closely the effects on logistics caused by infrastructure in the developing world.This discussion stresses that tape transportation links together the factors of economic production in a abstruse web of relationships between producers and consumers. The outcome is commonly a more efficient division of production by an exploitation of geographical comparative advantages, as well as the means to develop economies of scale and scope. The productiveness of space, capital and labor has been the core p roblem facing logistics systems in developing countries as a pull up stakes of in efficiency in distribution and personal mobility. Economic growth is increasingly linked with transport developments, namely infrastructures, but also with managerial expertise, which is crucial for logistics. Although transportation is an infrastructure intensive activity, most of the countries in the Central and East Africa lack hard assets which must be supported by an array of cushioned assets, namely management and information systems that enhance logistic system.

Health inequalities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health inequalities - Essay Example49). The U.K. regimes open commitment to deal with wellness inequality concerns entailed a structure of detailed policies, strengthened by a tough and motivated objective. The Government focused on the neediest population, with the neediest primary c are trusts (PCTs) to get 70% more financial support than the to the lowest degree needy in 2009-10 (DH, Tackling Health Inequalities 2007 Status Report on the Programme for Action). Between 1995-97 and 2005-07, the average aliveness expectancy for the entire UK populace has notably amplified the male population with an additional 3.1 years and the females with a advertize 2.1 years. For the most needy and wellness-deprived areas, there has been a life expectancy boost of 2.9 years for males and 1.9 years for females. Statistics on infant mortality study remarkably decreased in the last decade with 5.6 infant deaths for all(prenominal) 1,000 live births in 199597 to 4.7 mortalities for every 1,000 live births in 200507 for all individuals belong to socio-economic classs (DH, Tackling Health Inequalities 200507 form _or_ system of government and Data Update for the 2010 National Target). Social and Economic Factors Social and economic factors adversely affect the health of British individuals. Health inequalities are caused by quality-of-life factors, such as education, employment position, house, income, poverty, socio economic class and health care access (Health Inequalities A Third Report of Session 2008-09 par. 49). There are two spanking sagacitys on the causes of health disparities. First, that socioeconomic status has indirect influence on health through intercessor aspects that take a more direct impact on health. These aspects comprise environmental hazards (poor living and housing conditions, risks incurred at work, road and neighbourhood dangers) and psychosocial elements (uncooperative/unsupportive family relations, or stressful daily living) (Graham 7). Ano ther significant insight is that these intermediary aspects are unevenly dispensed, with the young and adult population living in poor and separate conditions more vulnerable to multiple health complexities, such as health-unsafe environments and health-harmful behaviours (Barker). Individuals belonging to the higher socioeconomic groups have greater opportunities in employment, comfortable living and housing conditions and better health opportunities than those in the lower group (White et al). Death risks are higher for the poorer groups. The health of individuals in a few marginal cultural communities is poorer than those belonging to the higher class (Diamond). Mortality and life expectancy levels in both social classes show the rig gap brought about by health inequalities (White et al). The Black Report The Black Report, also known as the Report of the Working Group on Inequalities in Health, was published in August 1980.The report has been influential in maintaining health i nequalities at the frontline of UKs public health schema. It presented evidences that poor health and death are one-sidedly distributed among the less-inopportune UK population, and implied that these inequities have not weakened but intensified into a more serious problem since the cosmos of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948. The Black Report made a conclusion that harm of the NHS to address this concern did not cause disparities

Compare and Contrast Interviews Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and Contrast Interviews - Assignment ExampleDinkins was as poised as Rahm. For every question, he had a justification that oozed his professional experience. When it comes to claimership, NYC Mayor David Dinkins defines this in publicy ways. Leadership is originate in from experience or the desire to succeed beyond others. Successful leaders deflect attention outdoor(a) from them and encourage others to voice their opinions. Dinkins is a great leader as a person who guides a grouping of individual towards a certain goal. In order to rectify this issue, Dinkins took a strong initiative as he began a hiring program that grew the police force by 25%.This, in fact, is the manifestation of universe a good leader because Dinkins has paid his dues in the army and improved the race relations. I asked Dinkins or so his past experience and what motivated him. He explained to me that he always wanted a social reform. brotherly reform has been the focal point for Dinkins as he co ntinued to champion for women rights, reduce pollution, and help lower class families with financial assistance. This is exemplified in NYC Mayor David Dinkins because of his ability to understand the struggle of a common man. A man with a very humble beginning, Dinkins was exemplary of reform and civil rights.A man similar to his caliber was Rahm Emmanuel. The queryer asked Rahm about what appealed to him about this position. It is clear that Rahm stated that Leaderships is undeniably stemmed from an inner motivation to excel and lead a group of individuals to a collaborative success. Under Rahms professionalism, harnessing the growth of the community, championing the cause for lower-income individuals.Rahm Emmanuel was a confident(p) public speaker who was making reformations in Illinois. Cognitive research indicates that each person attributes contribute to their upbringing. The interview asked Rahm about the worst schooling system in the USA, and Rahm was quite calm. Rahm an swered with a fact that he plans to pass around for more resources. Under Rahms leadership, the school system has drastically been enhanced.more resources. Under

Any current computer technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Any current computer technology - Research opus Examplefers to a new class of interlocking-based figuring involving utility computing that comprises of a collection of networked and combine software and internet facility known a platform. The technology procedures internet for transport and communication. It also provides software, ironware and networking services to clients mainly through internet. According to National Institute of Standards and Technology (2011), cloud computing is a form of computing where groups of remote servers are networked in order to enhance centralized online rag to mental imagerys or computer services and data storage. Cloud computing is a computing technology that enables large network servers such as large organizations to access various technological infrastructure resources from other companies without purchasing computing infrastructure.Cloud computing exhibits a number of characteristics. Some of these characteristics exhibited by cloud comp uting include virtualization, advanced(a) security, service orientation, low-cost software, massive scale, resilient computing and wide geographical distribution of computing services. intrinsic characteristics of cloud computing include broad network access to clients, rapid elasticity, measured services and resource pooling. According to these characteristics, cloud computing is an appropriate technology that is highly beneficial to users through enhancement of access and support of computer infrastructure.In conclusion, cloud computing has a wide range of benefits to users. First, clients or users send away reduce their computer cost by using cloud computing. Organizations do not require dynamical or high-priced computers to run cloud computing web-based applications. Secondly, there is improved performance through the use of cloud computing. Improved performance arises from low usage of computers memory since there are few programs and processes dispatch in the computer mem ory. Other advantages include improved document format compatibility, reduced

Advertising public relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advertising public relation - adjudicate ExampleIt is needless to say that the modern business world is extremely competitive. Therefore the companies look to scrape up the x-factors to stand apart from the rest of the crowd so that the company becomes more interesting and appealing for the media and the public. A favorable reputation idler help the company. On the other hand negative publicity can also have negative impact and damage the reputation of the company badly. In simple ways PR can be defined as a way to build up colossal term relationship with the public or customers. Although PR is an element of promotional mix and there are certain differences between PR and other elements, it is important to understand that positive can only be achieved by using each of the elements of the promotional mix effectively. The study looks to focus on the application of PR to aid the performance of a newly launched product in the market. The product selected is a ready-to-drink green t ea. The concerns oer the contents of the soft drinks have increased as people are becoming more wellness conscious. Also recent controversies related to the hygienic factors and product has not helped the reputation of the soft drinks. Although the product to be discussed cannot be exactly categorized as hardcore soft drinks, still the product is likely to deal purpose as the soft drinks. The study includes market situation analysis, probable PR strategy, different modes of parley to be used and also a way to successfully evaluate the PR strategy. (Chattopadhyay, 2009. P.370).Fun harvest-home Pvt. Ltd. is a six years old company. The company produces soft drinks made from fruits such as mango tree and pineapple. The company looks to achieve concentric product diversification through packaging and pricing strategy. Here it is to be mentioned that the company operates in UK market only. However, the company has launched ready-to-drink green tea called Fizz. The company looks to br ings

Law of Investment and Financial Markets Case Study

Law of investiture and Financial Markets - Case Study ExampleAccording to the addition Four Corners, the WestPoint case involved 4000 Australians, most of which were pensioners (Four Corners, 2006, Page 1). Small investors were the ones to face the tragic collapse of WestPoint, as they doomed their savings and the impact of these investors is described by the procession of WestPoint Investors Group to organize demonstrations to emphasize their predicament and displume the investment funds casualties.Some years before, WestPoint aggrandized funds by ensconcing a network of monetary planners in smart set to upgrade its products. The entities interested in investment ought to hold an Australian Financial Service License for initiating with the investment operation, the venture or entity that counsels about fiscal products ought to be an Australian Financial Service holder (AFS) called as an AFS freedome. Financial business usually are deposit accounts, insurances, investments in funds such as shares, debentures and so on If not an AFS bearer, he stub either be a director or apprentice to the license bearer. Furthermore, if the former doesnt intervene, he should be an authorized delegate of the Australian Finance service bearer. These delegates or representatives can be termed as business authorized representatives as they hold an approbation to represent license bearers. There are assorted legal protections provided by the Australian Finance Services license, if at all, several(prenominal)thing inappropriate or foreign situation occurs. It is always advisable to keep in account the license details of any financial services or benefits one is planning to avail.Since, West Australia is a renowned hub for business successes and entrepreneurship, the promoters and planners allied to financial sectors, accountants and others took availed all the possible opportunities of risk tolerations to gain profits. This was all possible because of a property developmen t called WestPoint. But, some of the financial arrangements which were careful in planning involved the profits outside the governance of the Australian Securities and enthronization Commission (ASIC), which was its governor. It focuses on the promulgation of Markets Advisory Committee to operate the corporate establishments. Also, it focuses on establishment of Takeovers Section, an Australian accounting Board, a financial Reporting Panel involved in financial services. This act is conformed on jurisdiction and in states which are referring only to the reach to which the legislative powers of the Parliament takes charge of the application. Australian Securities and Investment Commission is a common seal with enduring succession, along with the procurement or disposal of tangible or personal asset. As far as membership is concerned, ASIS comprises of 8 members out of which 3 ought to be full-time associates appointed by the Governor-General. The solutions to it, definitely,

Viewing Disability Binary vs. Continuum Coursework

Viewing Disability Binary vs. Continuum - Coursework ExampleIn this regard, viewing disability in a binary sense would be unfair as persons who have suffered disabilities because of one reason or the other. Therefore, it should be seen as a continuum and hence set as a bio-psychosocial representation incorporating both social and medical forms of disability. A binary view of disability would further hinder an interactive and accommodative situation of the complexities of his or her impairment or disability and the environment.Viewing the disability as a continuum would afford the individual the misfortune to see all aspects of their body functioning. It would also open for them the opportunity to exploit their capacity and partake in various activities.On the other hand, a binary view of disability would not consider the interrelation between the resultant interaction of contextual factors and an individuals health condition where disability should be regarded as an injury. It sho uld also be measured in the context of the limitations in the activities an individual can perform their capacity and their act at society levels hence.Schelly, D. (2008). Problems associated with choice and quality of life for an individual with intellectual disability a person-to-person assistants reflexive ethnography. Disability & Society, 23(7), 719-732.

CIS Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CIS Questions - Coursework ExampleDetermine if they preserve be used simultaneously in a page. If so, explain which of the two takes precedence over the other.Javascript is utilized for one(a) line and customization where CSS is utilized in multiple webpages to ensure that aesthetics of a page are consistent. Javascript is utilized more for web page validation and action whereas CSS is used for style and design.12. Imagine that you designed a Website for a client using JavaScript to make animated snowflakes fall on the page. When you test the page, the animations do not work. Predict what the problem could be and propose a solution.13. Analyze some of the limitations a Web actor should be aware of before adding JavaScript to a Website. Determine if these limitations outweigh the benefits of using JavaScript. Explain your decision.From the server or client side, the processing power can be a huge factor. Additionally, web pages with many scripts. It can take a long process to exec ute because of the algorithm that it must process.14. From the second e-Activity, identify a company (bank, car wash, travel agency, nonprofit, restaurant, etc.). Keeping that company in mind, select the client-side or server-side scripting you would most promising use, and why. Or you can explain the client-side or server-side scripting you would not use, and why not.I used to take this sort as a Business Analysis and specialized in e- market which allowed me to harness my growth in this realm. My futurity position will IT director in BA. The demand for Business Administration undoubtedly has boomed over the new years along with marketing. It is one of the best scope in the commerce market for various reasons first and foremost, the specialization of marketing in BA is a perfect fit in e-commerce. I will be exposed to many realms of technology that exploits many channels of the business. In the modern century, internet marketing has become one

Identify the pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from Essay

Identify the pathways and stores of body of water, sediment and nutrients from the uplands to the coast in representative nor-west England - Essay ExampleAs water f crusheds naturally to the sea, it make fors various(a) features as it interacts with various factors on its way. In some cases, the water gets stored temporarily in reservoirs, most of the time moving at various speeds. Depending on the speed of movement, the water collects, transports and deposits objects including soil, rocks, and wood. Using these objects, the water at high speed poop create new features as the objects brush against other objects in the water path. Water also dissolves nutrients and minerals small-arm suspending tiny particles which are later deposited as sediments at lower speeds. This paper is dedicated to discussing the water pathways from the typical northwest England catchments and its flow to the sea. 2). Definition of terms Pathways In the context of this essay, pathways refers to the rout es of flow traveled by water, nutrients and sediments as they move from the uplands to the coast. ... Sediments These are materials broken down by the processes of erosion and weathering and are subsequently transported through the actions of abstract and liquid water and glaziers. These materials are naturally occurring. Nutrients These are chemicals required by beingnesss for them to live and grow salubrious or a substance required for the process of metabolism and must be taken from the organisms environment. Uplands Refers to areas of higher altitudes Coast Refers to a strip of land bordering the sea and as such, it is an area of low lower altitude. Catchments Refers to a main source, the region from where a substance or material is supplied to the rest of the areas that form part of the materials or substance pathway. 3). The pathways and stores of water, sediment and nutrients from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England catchments a) Pathways and stores of wa ter from the uplands to the coast in typical northwest England catchments The pathway of water in any point region typically begins with the hydrological cycle. At the beginning of this cycle, water is changed from liquid into its gaseous, vapour, which ascends to the higher altitudes. Here, it is cooled and falls down as rain, which falls either directly as into the various rivers, lakes and man-made reservoirs or flow into them as come along runoff. Vegetation are important in making this water to sip into the ground from where they flow as underground water till they join rivers, lakes or man-made reservoirs. In typical northwest England catchments, the water moves along various pathways. These include fast ways for example overland flow, or drain ?ow, modify sub-surface ?ow and slower pathways. The slower

Two choose one. will upload later Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Two choose one. go out upload later - Essay Examplesay will establish businesses internationalisation and focus on the economic, environmental, political, and social impacts of business internationalisation. The content in the essay borrows from Economics, International Business, and Critical Political Economy.The main butt of internationalisation is to maximise kales and formation of capital. Businesses set out to international platforms to harness the innovation and play the price and quality of assets in other regions. Firms whitethorn also internationalise in order to place a strategic marketing alliance or technological front as compared to their competitors. Similarly, an enterprise may in its choice of location, be keen to find resources that reduce its direct costs and increase its assets udder (Dunning, 2001, p.184). In the search for reduced costs of work, firms try to harness cheaper alternatives in order to maximise profit margins in a competitive market. Most tim es, the local market offers a high price for factors of production. With internalisation, prospects of cheaper factors of production set. At times, firms go global in order to meet their international demand. Export to foreign markets may affect their product demand due to increased shipping cost. Production at a hyponym plant may increase returns for the parent company. The reason of internationalisation compares the advantages of the process to the business to the benefits and costs of accessing cross-border proceeding (Dunning, 2001, p.187).In Economics, demand adjusts supply and consumption influences production. Thus, Economics is a system that is responsive, elastic, and automatic (Coase, 1937, p.387). Economics tries to strain this balance by focusing on the production process and its impact on the price. Firms are characterised by the price mechanism. In internationalisation, firms optimise production by sourcing cheap sources of factors of production such as labour. With the psychiatric hospital of a foreign firm, it is

My Intellectual Development Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Intellectual study Up - Essay ExampleFrankly, my intellectual development up to where I am to daylight would not have been successful without the unreserved guidance and support from my father, a successful businessperson whose relentless indignation and dedication for success have always inspired me to achieve and be more like him in future. My own father is my role model and I always look up to him for not and love, guidance, and approval, but for inspiration in life as well, especially because I consider him a earthshaking authority in matters regarding my personal growth and development. In all these years of my growth, from a small son to the young adult I have become, I owe all gratitude to this amazingly great father, whose descriptor words of wisdom have catapulted me to where I am today.My father always encourages me to strive to be colossal because being av periodge alone is not good enough, especially in todays era of globalization, where opportunities are increas ingly becoming scarce by the day. Above all, my father has made it clear that I can always achieve everything I set my eyes upon in life with the right large-hearted of positive pose, and that naught can stop me from doing so if I really purpose too. Every day I remember my fathers words that success begins by establishing a positive attitude I feel reinvigorated not just to succeed, but also to succeed exceedingly since nothing can stop me from doing so with the right attitude.Reading this amazing article titled Gaining a disposition of self-worth from Deepak Chopra, a spiritual leader who responds to Oprah.com users questions with enlightening advice to help them achieve their optimum potential, hasreally transformed my awareness of self and how I approach life in general (Deepak).

Participative Leadership & Empowerment Case Study

Participative Leadership & Empowerment - Case Study Examplemethodological Problems with Participative Procedures There ar some inherent challenges with the establishment of the effectiveness of participative procedures. This is because there are no set down procedures or formula for the calculation of the effectiveness of participatory procedure. This is because of two reasons. First of all, it has to do with human beings behavior and it is not easy to measure that since human behavior lurchs with time. Secondly, it has elements of contingency in that the relevant factors could change and this will change the mood and setting and make the results variable for different situations. In the absence of a scientific method, most great deal use subjective methods of measuring the effectiveness of participatory leadership drives through and through surveys and other experiments. These are open to bias. Secondly, the short-term nature of such social science experiments comes with issues . Most people will do well and try to impress when they are being studied but when they are not studied, they might put up a very different attitude. There is also a case of having only two variables.

CLIENT LETTER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CLIENT LETTER - Assignment ExampleAlso, if in that location is anything you forgot to mention previously or is missing, please be certain to notify our offices immediately. According to our last confluence you explained that you are a single parent with a sole responsibility for your four-year-old daughter, Angie. Your boyfriend with whom you had this child leave when the child was two years old. Even though you know where the boyfriend is living, neither you nor Angie has had any come to with him for two years.An incident happened approximately a week ago you picked your daughter up at mean solar day care after work and you needed to stop at the grocery store before deprivation home. While at the grocery, Angie was misbehaving and was taking items off the shelf and putting them into the cart. Despite several(prenominal) verbal reprimands, Angie go on to disobey you. You then slapped Angies hands making her to begin wailing thus attracting the attention of several customers in the store.After purchasing your groceries, you pushed Angie to the car. As you were putting Angie into the car seat, you noticed something protruding from one of the pockets of Angies dress. When you pulled it out, you completed that Angie had taken candy bars and gum from the shelves next to the checkout line and put them in her pockets. You wanted to make sure that your daughter understood that taking things without paying for them is wrong as it amounted to stealing. So, you move her several times, slapped her hands, and then put her hand over Angies mouth when she began screaming. Angie then bit your hand, prompting you to instinctively slap her across the face. Even though you did not mean to hurt her, e verything was happening very fast. Angie suddenly became very quiet, so you shut the backdoor to the car and drove home.After 10 minutes of driving, you realized that she had not heard from Angie since they

Cultural Behaviour in the Workplace Research Paper

Cultural Behaviour in the Workplace - query Paper ExampleAccording to Condon & Yousef (1975), people skills and intercultural communication competence contribute to successful cross-cultural line interactions. Culture determines the nature of the caper interaction of individuals. Cross-cultural business interactions happen between antithetic countries with discrete political, economic, and cultural backgrounds. For economic development, different countries and international companies collaborate to contribute positively to the global economy. However, cultural bigotry is a major cause of conflicts and misunderstandings experienced in the world today (Ayoko 2007). It is difficult for people of different cultures to understand each other since they are cultured to do things in a specific manner. Sebenius (2002) notes that this trouble faces most companies engaged in cross-border business. Therefore, there is the need for all companies to adopt an international global office of c onducting business. This learning based on the assumption that culture is important in determining business interactions in the workplace. Basing on the challenges experienced by employees, this study will answer the question how does culture influence business interactions of Americans, Chinese, and Russians. This will also develop propositions for addressing challenges that arise in a multicultural workplace. The study findings will call guidance on how to ensure effective business communication with Russians, Chinese, and Americans. The study setting is the Sharjah Chamber of duty & Industry. This United Arab Emirates Company serves a major purpose of organizing economic life and ensuring the prosperity of trade in the region. This includes making proposals for economic projects, engagement in legislation dealing with industrial and economic affairs, and launching opportunities for enthronisation (SharjsaCityGuide n.d). The nature of this company allows for interactions with companies from different parts of the world, in order to work jointly on projects or negotiate on business deals. During such cross-cultural communication, cultural differences lead to considerable challenges. The participants in this study are employees of this company, who have experience working with foreign delegates, specifically, Russian, American, and Chinese. These will share their experiences and major challenges in their traffic with the foreign delegates. Methodology This study aims at gathering information concerning the experiences of the employees of the Sharjah Chamber of Commerce & Industry in dealing with delegates of Russian, American, and Chinese origins. The experiences of participants reflect their attitudes toward the foreign delegates, therefore, this study explores subjective data. Therefore, in order to achieve the aims of this study, a qualitative approach will be employed, as this is concerned with subjectivity understanding.

Contribution of Digital Projections for Approaching Mise En Scene in Contemporary Theatre Performance Essay Example for Free

Contribution of Digital Projections for Approaching Mise En Scene in Contemporary sphere Performance EssayIn this research paper Im going to describe round force field mathematical product technology which it is employ digital production and how it is saturate to the mise en conniption.Cinematic theater is term of using digital projection in contemporary study. That can be briefly depict as a fusion of go through performance and the magic of the big screen. By utilizing the best dramatic devices that each art form has to covey a story and entertain an audience the possibilities to seduce aro utilize narratives and pointedness dynamics through the synergy of stage and cinematic chassis is exciting. Cinematic theatre is a contemporary style of drama that revolves around using pre-edited and love vision sequences to be communicate onto screens and surfaces. These sequences are then integrated with the live performance to defecate dramatic meaning that interacts wit h the dramatic action on stage.The integrated use of projection during scenes and scene changes allows the stage action to become continuous, therefore creating a good luck of disbelief that engages the audience. In the ever increasing technological environment, more and more information and storytelling is being brought to us through optical images and screens contemporary audiences are subject to read layered visual texts.In develop a creative rationale for the utilization of cinematic sequences in live performance you have to find out various factors how to use the projected vision without overwhelming the stage performance, creating a theatrical and visual instauration that enhances the dramatic meaning and the narrative choice between screen and stage action. To guide the creation and production of new work we have developed a description of the elements of cinematic integration for live performance.To be the Cinematic Theatre style they have devised a comprehensive creat ive rationale that we teach to educators and students using the conventions and elements that we utilize to produce visual performance work.Primary Conventions The basic principle of Cinematic Theatre is to urinate a continual experience by using visual sequences projected onto screens or surfaces, in alignment with set design and lives performance to micturate different dramatic topographic points. The cinematic design should be supple throughout the performance, to achieve this there are two primary conventions that are use to integrate the stage with theVisual design Cinematic Backdrop is the live visual environment that works together with live scenes on stage to create a dynamic visual design to enhance the dramatic action. at that place phone reckon of ways to utilize the live backdrop Cinematic Transitions are the visual sequences between the live stage scenes that allow the performance to continue during scene changes keeping the audience engaged.These transitions wor k very intumesce with music and the use of popular songs to accompany these cinematic sequences to add meaning and action, especially if the music chosen is representative of the narrative.Visual Conventions In producing a Cinematic Theatre production there are number visual conventions that can be utilized to create a genuinely integrated performance.Style Elements When conceptualizing the visual component of a cinematic theatre performance it is important to address the overall style with informant to the script/ narrative/ context.In below describe technologies, which is using for the cinematic theatre.Screens and Surfaces Traditionally projection has been used on one screen directly behind the stage action, much like a photograph screen. With more mobile projectors and screens it is possible to think of new ways to place and project images. A number of screens can be used to create different effects, in What Simon Said? there rear projected screens were used to create the wa lls of the characters room as the cinematic background. We envisage being able to create large-scale immersive environments to create distant horizons, urban architecture or multiple images. Stage design allowing the utilization of projected images on surfaces can create a dynamic canvas on which to sustain vision. The applications are only limited by your imagination and ability to position the projector. Some examples include a window space to see outside, a mirror to show symbolic representations of character, floor space to create a pool of water, smoke, curtains etc.Lighting design It is important when incorporating video into live performance that you weigh the effect of lights on the screen surface. One difficulty in setting lights is that they can significantly write down the brightness and colour of the screen images if there is light either directly hitting or spunky from the floor onto the screen. One solution is to set the screen up from the floor and placing some bl ocks/staging in front to block some of the bouncing light. When considering colour gels it is imperative to consider colours used in the screen images and try to match them as well as possible to give a intermingle effect.Mise-en-scne Mise-en-scne is a French term and originates in the theater. It means, literally, put in the scene. For dart, it has a broader meaning, and refers to close to everything that goes into the composition of the shot, including the composition itself framing, movement of the camera and characters, lighting, set design and gen earl visual environment, even sound as it helps elaborate the composition. Mise-en-scne can be defined as the articulation of cinematic space, and it is precisely space that it is some. Cutting is about time the shot is about what occurs in a defined area of space, border by the frame of the movie screen and determined by what the camera has been made to record. That space, the mise-en-scne, can be unique, closed off by the frame , or open, providing the illusion of more space around it.Four aspects of mise-en-scene, which carrefour the physical art of the theatre, are setting, costume, lighting and movement of figures. Control of these elements provides the director an opportunity to stage events. using these elements, the tear director stages the event for the camera to provide his audience with vivid, sharp memories. Directors and film scholars alike notice mise-en-scene as an essential part of the directors creative art.Conclusion In this research Im trying to explain contribution of digital projections for approaching mise en scene in contemporary theatre performance. In the first part I briefly explain what is Digital projections, mise en scene and contemporary theatre performance.Mise en scene is French term and it generally use for film appreciation or film criticism. But previously this term use for critic theatre productions. factual meaning of mise en sence is put in the Frame. Frame is basic ally explained in both film and theatre. So I think using term of mise en sence is possible in theatre productions.For creating theatre sets, props and space generally using hard materials. But in this art form those things create by digital projections. This is major development of the contemporary theatre productions. Further more Im explaining advantages and disadvantages of usage digital projection in this art form. Finally Im talking about choreographers who use this art form successfully and showing few videos.Basically this is new art form. It is unrealizable to compare with other theatre performance, which is not using digital projections. Choreographers day by day create new art pieces using projections. So I think this is major occasion of digital media use in society.

Evolution of Skyscrapers Essay Example for Free

Evolution of Skyscrapers Essay1.Historical Development In High-Rise structuresAncient Skyscrapers The Great zikkurat of BabylonPerhaps the nearly impressive social organisation in the ancient Middle East, the Great Ziggurat of Babylon was make over a span of several decades in the Sixth Century BC. Its seven stories, built upon a squ atomic number 18 foundation, stretched 300 feet into the sky. Some think it was the inspiration for the infamous predominate of Babel in the Book of Genesis. In this illustration, King Nebuchadnezzar, who ruled Babylon from 604 to 561 BC, is seen overlooking his capitalThe towers of bolognaThe towers of and were built in Europe, or to tuckerher until Bologna argon slender, as much as 60 meters (150 feet) lanky, by the rich for defense and as spot symbols. No other site perhaps the ara, had so many a nonher(prenominal) stately structures crowded the coming of skyscrapers in the late 19th century.Fig. 1 The great Ziggurat of BabylonAs ma ny as 180 towers, of many different heights, atomic number 18 thought to establish been built in Bologna during the 1100s and slightly later straightaway there ar b atomic number 18ly 20. The two most prominent (seen here) argon the symbols of the city and have gigantic been known together as the Two Towers.Fig. 2 The towers of BolognaThe First Safety ElevatorsIn this plosive illustration, shoppers ride the elevator in the new Lord Taylors department store on Broadway in naked York City sometime during the 1870s. Around the same time, the commencement-ever elevator in an office mental synthesis was excessively ins nobleed in naked as a jaybird York. It was intentional by Elisha Otis, whose company became synonymous with the new contraption. Elevators rotary motionized office buildings, literally turning them superlative down. Prior to their invention, the lower downs of a structure were the most valuable rental property because of the difficulty and nettle of clim bing the stairs. But the elevator made it possible for elite tenants to enjoy the view from the upper floors and get buildings to rise higher and higher.Fig. 3 The first Safety ElevatorsGreat bread FireIn this illustration, Chicago residents flee the terror of the Chicago energize which devastated their city over a three-day period in October 1871. The fire ca utilize nearly $200 million in damage, killed some 300 volume and left another 100,000 home slight. in spite of this toll, the destruction cleared the way for Chicago to build scores of modern steel-framed office towers and to become integrity of Americas most architecturally striking cities.Fig. 4 Great Chicago FireThe First skyscraperChicagos 10-story Home insurance policy Building, built in 1884 and foundinged by William Jenney, was arguably the first true modern office tower. It was the first building to use structural steel at least partially in its frame, and was the first pompous building to be fireproofed tw o inside and outside. It was torn down in 1931 but its legacy lives on in thousands of steel-framed and fireproofed buildings around the world.Fig. 5 Home Insurance BuildingThe Tribune TowerPedestrians walk past the flowery entrance and lower floors of Tribune Tower, home of the Chicago Tribune newspaper, which was built in 1925. The 36-story Gothic Revival structure was designed by John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, who won a contest held by the newspaper company to create the most beautiful and distinctive office building in the world.Fig. 6 The Tribune TowerThe Chrysler BuildingWith its majestic spire, New York Citys Chrysler Building is perhaps the most famous Art Deco structure in the world. Built in 1930, the 77-storey structure was briefly the tallest building in the world. The sculptures at the top and around the edges are actually godlike by Chrysler hubcaps and hood ornaments. The buildings tapering profile is perhaps the best example of form follows zoning by winning N ew York Citys setback requirements from 1916 zoning laws requiring new structures to leave more open space around them and turning them into an stunning archetypeFig. 7 The Chrysler BuildingThe empire State Building survives a hitThis mental picture shows the spot where a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in July 1945. The aircraft was ferrying servicemen from mum to New Yorks La Guardia Airport when pilot William Smith veered disastrously off course in menacing fog. Fourteen people including Smith were killed when the bomber hit the skyscraper. The buildings 79th floor caught fire, and New York City firefighters bravely speed up into the building to rescue occupants and put out the blaze. The buildings structure and fireproofing both proved strong enough that the New York landmark re open up the following week.Fig. 8 The Empire State Building valet Trade centreThe famous twin towers of the World Trade core group were built by the Port Authority in the 1960s as part of an effort to revitalize lower Manhattan. The structure was derided by critics as boring. superstar wag likened it to a hulk pair of filing cabinets, but in time it became a normal New York landmark. The original WTC was the first to use sky lobbies where people would change from express to local anaesthetic elevators, a setup inspired by the New York subway system. It also had wide-open, column-free spaces that were ideal for Fig. 9 The World Trade Centre the cubicles then becoming popular in office design. The towers were destroyed in the 2001 terrorist bombardment that killed more than 2,700 peopleSears TowerWhen the Sears Tower, later renamed the Willis Tower, opened in 1973, the 108-story structure became the tallest building in the world and held that title until Malaysias Petronas Towers claimed the distinction in 1998. This skyscraper was able to achieve that height through a spectacular engineering science innovation that introduced the bundled tube structure the Sears Tower is really nine square towers bundled together. It was the start of a revolution in structural design that permitted higher and thinner towers than had ever been built beforeFig. 10 The Sears TowerThe Citicorp Building Skirts DisasterThe 59-story Citigroup Center building, absolute in 1977, had to undergo a costly strength stir the following year after it was discovered that the structure was dangerously vulnerable to strong diagonal uprises impinging the buildings corners. This weakness was a consequence of the placement of the main support columns at the centre of the sides rather than on the corners because the building had to float over a church that owned the property. This bold design did win flattery for the architect but he subsequently had to suffer the consequences largely in secret lest panic block out of experimenting with untested structural elements. If strong dangerous winds had actually toppled the Citicorp building, it is estimated that it mi ght have taken 16 blocks of Manhattan with it.Fig. 11 The Citicorp BuildingThe Petronas TowerTourists have their picture taken outside the soaring spires of the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The 88-story towers, which were completed in the mid-to-late 1990s, were for several years the worlds tallest buildings. The project was the harbinger of a global shift in skyscraper building in which Middle Eastern and Asian countries have been racing to erect the tallest and most majestic towers Fig. 12 The Petronas TowerThe Gherkin, LondonOne of the more unusual sights in the London skyline is 20 St. bloody shame Axe, a 41-story office tower opened in 2004, which is nicknamed The Gherkin because of its resemblance to a pickle. Though odd-looking, the structure is a prototype for a new generation of innovative, super energy-efficient buildings. Vertical gaps in the building create a natural ventilation system that allows warm air to rise out of the structure. These openings also a llow the intragroup offices to use more Fig. 13 The 20 St. Mary Axe natural light to greatly reduction electrical consumptionThe Marina Bay SandsSingapores Marina Bay Sands, a casino and resort complex which opened in 2011, cost an astonishing $8 billion to build. Architect Moshie Safdies unorthodox design, with its trio of 55-story towers, reportedly was inspired by card decks on gaming tables. The three towers are connected by a giant terrace that supports the worlds longest elevated swimming pool. The steel for the pool weighs 191,416 kilos (422,000 pounds) and the water it can hold weighs an additional 1,424,098 kilos (3,139,600 pounds). The towers are constructed to allow movement in the wind up to 50 centimetres and longer-term settling in the soil.Fig. 14 The Marina Bay SandsBurj KhalifaDubais 160-storey Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010, is by far the worlds tallest building. Its startling, rocket ship-like appearance, seen in this photo, seems intended to get attentio n more than anything else. As architectural critic Paul Goldberger has written, You dont build this kind of skyscraper to house people you do it to make sure the world knows who you are. The tall, tapering design is reminiscent of skyscrapers like the Chrysler Fig. 15 The Burj Khalifa and Empire State buildings although you could put the two New York skyscrapers one on top of the other and they still would not be as tall.The New World Trade CentreOne World Trade Center (also known as Tower One) rises over lower Manhattan on the site of where the twin towers destroyed in 2001. When completed in 2013, it will have a spire thats precisely 1,776 feet tall (541 meters), making it the leash tallest building in the world and the highest in the Western Hemisphere. The new WTCs base is enclosed in compact concrete, steel panels and blast-resistant glass, making it one of the toughest skyscrapers ever built, but security concerns have caused the buildings cost to soar, r all(prenominal)ing the neighbourhood of $4 billion.Fig. 16The New World Trade CentreFig. 17 Height Comparison of Noticeable tall Buildings2. Classification of Tall Building Structure SystemIn 1969 Fazlur Khan classified structural systems for tall buildings relating to their heights with considerations for efficiency in the form of Heights for Structural Systems diagramsFig. 18 Classification of Tall Building Structure System by Fazlur Khan. Left steel Right ConcreteHe developed these schemes for both steel and concrete. Khan argued that the rigid frame that had dominated tall building design and construction so long was not the only system fitting for tall buildings. Because of a better understanding of the mechanics of material and member behavior, he reasoned that the structure could be hardened in a holistic manner, that is, the building could be analyzed in three dimensions, supported by ready reckoner simulations, rather than as a series of planar systems in each principal direction. Feasib le structural systems, according to him, are rigid frames, dress walls, interactive frame- hook wall combinations, belt trusses, and the various other tubular systems. Structural systems of tall buildings can be divided into two broad categories home(a) structures and exterior structures.This classification is based on the distribution of the components of the primary lateral load-resisting system over the building. A system is categorized as an privileged structure when the major part of the lateral load resisting system is located within the interior of the building. Likewise, if the major part of the lateral load-resisting system is located at the building perimeter, a system is categorized as an exterior structure. It should be noted, however, that any interior structure is likely to have some small components of the lateral load-resisting system at the building perimeter, and any exterior structure may have some minor components within the interior of the building. This classification of structural systems is presented more as a guideline and should be treated as such. It is imperative that each system has a wide range of height applications depending upon other design and service criteria related to building shape, feel ratio, architectural functions, load conditions, building stability and site constraints.For each condition, however, there is always an optimum structural system, although it may not necessarily match one of those in the systems tables due to the predominant influence of other factors on the building form. The height limits shown are therefore presumptive based on experience and the authors prediction within an acceptable range of aspect ratios of the buildings, say about 6 to 8. On occasions, an exterior structure may be combined with an interior one, such as when a tubular frame is also braced or provided with core-supported outriggers and belt trusses, to rise the buildings stiffness 2.1 Interior Structures The two basic type s of lateral load-resisting systems in the category of interior structures are the moment-resisting frames and shear trusses/shear walls.These systems are usually arranged as planar assemblies in two principal orthogonal directions and may be employed together as a combined system in which they interact. Another very important system in this category is the core-supported outrigger structure, which is very widely used for super tall buildings at this writing. The moment-resisting frame (MRF) consists of horizontal (girder) and just (column) members rigidly connected together in a planar grid form. Such frames resist load primarily through the flexural stiffness of the members (Kowalczyk, Sinn, Kilmister, 1995).The size of the columns is mainly controlled by the gravity fill up that accumulate towards the base of the building giving rise to more and more larger column sizes towards the base from the roof. The size of the girders, on the other hand, is controlled by stiffness of the frame in order to ensure acceptable lateral sway of the building. Although gravity load is more or less the same in all typical floors of a tall building, the girder sizes need to be add-ond to outgrowth the frame stiffness. Likewise, columns already sized for gravity loads need to be slightly increased to increase the frame stiffness as well. MRFs can be located in or around the core, on the exterior, and throughout the interior of the building along grid lines.Table 1 Interior Structures braced frames are laterally supported by vertical steel trusses, also called shear trusses, which resist lateral loads primarily through axial stiffness of the members. These act as vertical cantilever trusses where the columns act as chord members and the concentric K, V, or X braces act as web members. Such systems are called concentric braced frames (CBF).Eccentric braced frames (EBF) have, on the other hand, braces which are connected to the floor girders that form horizontal elements of the truss, with axial offsets to introduce flexure and shear into the frame (Popov, 1982). This lowers stiffness-to-weight ratio but increases ductileness and therefore EBFs are used for seismic zones where ductility is an essential requirement of structural design. EBFs can also be used to accommodate wide doors and other openings, and have on occasions been used for non-seismic zones (Corrin Swensson, 1992). Braced frames are generally located in the service and elevator core areas of tall buildings.The frame diagonals are enclosed within the walls. Reinforced concrete planar solid or coupled shear walls have been one of the most popular systems used for high-rise construction to resist lateral forces caused by wind and earthquakes. They are treated as vertical cantilevers fixed at the base. When two or more shear walls in the same plane are interconnected by beams or slabs, as is the case with shear walls with door or window openings, the total stiffness of the system exceeds t he sum of the individual wall stiffnesses. This is so because the connecting beam forces the walls to act as a single unit by restraining their individual cantilever actions.These are known as coupled shear walls. Shear walls used in tall office buildings are generally located around service and elevator cores, and stairwells. In fact, in many tall buildings, the vertical solid core walls that enclose the building services can be used to stabilize and fasten the building against lateral loads. Many possibilities exist with single or multiple cores in a tall building with regard to their location, shape, number, and arrangement. The core walls are essentially shear walls that can be analyzed as planar elements in each principal direction or as three-dimensional elements using computer programs.

Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s house Essay Example for Free

Henrik Ibsens A razzings house EssayHenrik Ibsens A Dolls house is all roughly womens rights. We so-and-so infer from the theme of the novel that the precedent Henrik Ibsen was a concentrated Feminist as he created characters that fought for the rights of women. The central character of A Dolls house, Nora fought for the same cause. Nora attempts to become a hygienic individual even though she was being locked in a male dominated world. Her economise Torvalds dominating nature was the nonp areil that was preventing her from become self motivated. She appeared inexperienced, naive and vulnerable till the end when she impress everybody by boldly leaving her husband and children to stay an independent life. Noras world appeared to be so childish that the author has named it as a dolls house. She appeared as an alien to the certain world with no real world experience. She was even found humorous in few incidents. moreover we git see the same Nora being serious and trying to be superior as she says one isnt with knocked out(p) influence. This shows the feminist views of the character or the author. A Dolls house speaks about womens rights. so far though Nora is constructed as immature and silly, we can see that this nature is enforced by the society around her. However her true nature was destined to be revealed later. Nora is found to be an independent cleaning lady who was restrict within the dollhouse by her husband. Her life was like that of a exceptterfly that is trying to get out of the cocoon to show its true colors. We can see Nora striving, throughout the play, and finally unveiling her original self. She is hence a immaculate hero. She was submissive to her husband and was enthusiastic and smart.We can say that Nora was unceasingly right in her attitude as this was the best she can be towards her dominating husband. Towards the end of the play she discovered herself and took the boastfully shocking decision to leave her husband and children for ever. The feminist ideologies of Nora were revealed in the end of the novel. She was found subordinate to her husband Torvald who believed that women are frail and can never make decision of their own. However finally Nora gets hold of her individualization and dares to take the great decision to abandon her husband and children.Noras great passion for life and her strong feministic beliefs stimulated her to take the decision of her life. She courageously broke away from the doll house that appeared as a prison for her all through these twenty-four hourss. Nora was always under the care of someone, first with her father and then with her husband. Nora was a materialistic, impulsive and babyish. But Nora appeared as a bold woman in the final scene of the play. We can see Nora the classical hero walking out of her house in the final scene to live her life.All this makes us doubt whether she was pretending to be silly all through these days to coiffe with the patriarcha l oppression she was suffering from her husband Torvald. Nora finally becomes fully independent to renounce the false marriage of marriage and the burden of motherhood. She says Never see him again. Never. Never. Never. Never see the children again. Them too. Never. never. Oh the icy black water Oh that bottomless that - Oh, if only it were all over Now hes got it hes reading it. Oh, no, no Not yet Goodbye, Torvald Goodbye, my darlings. Nora was the upholder of womens rights. She struggled against the selfish, stifling, oppressive and dominating attitude of her Husband Torvald and the society which he represents. Nora journey lead to her self-discovery as she fought against the exploitation of women by men. Torvald represents the orthodox society and Nora is the advocate of feminism. Torvald did not go bad all privilege to Nora and called her silly names throughout the play. He called her squirrel, lark, micro skylark, small(a) songbird, little person, little woman, and lit tle featherhead.Torvald never forgot to use the word little before these names. He considered her as little. He was also very possessive and always utilise my before these names. Torvald never considered Nora equal to him. He thought she is inferior to him. The feminist beliefs of Nora rise up at last and she comes to know that she has been a foolish doll in a toy-marriage and walks out of her house slamming the entrance behind her and surprising Torvald. Nora was just considered like any other possession of Torvald. She was not given any humane privilege.The feminist beliefs of the author hated this attitude of Torvald and encouraged Nora to break away one day from the doll house. Nora recognizes her rights at last and is awakened. She stops pretending to be what she is not. She became a strong woman and takes control of her own destiny. Torvald considered his wife, children and status symbols and had a very narrow definition about marriage. He thinks that it is the work of the wife to be good to her husband and children. She deems women as helpless creatures separated from reality and moral force.The author highlighted the self realization of the main character Nora and the way she becomes an example to feminist ideology. The novel thus becomes an over-the-top work in which a man portrays strong feminist ideologies. The attitude of Nora reveals the strong feminist views of the author. Nora always wanted to get out of the clutch of her husband as she says to Rank and Linde Ive the most over-the-top longing to say Bloody hell She finally gets out all her social and traditional commitments and obligations as become free as a hero.She is such a classical character that our hearts are with her even though she took the pitiless decision to leave her moral husband and innocent little children. She can be called as a hero as a fought for a good cause, the freedom for the weaker sex. The typeset of women in the 1800s, during the time of Nora was too low. They li ved as housewives with no right to vote, own property, and make any substantial transactions. Nora recognized her slavery and preferred to break away and live a life with freedom.It is nothing but her courage to fight against oppression made her the most admirable stage heroine of the century. What she has done is perfectly justifiable in the light is modern ideology and culture. She was just being a model to the women of modern days. She stepped into a wider world and making her husband understands that he is not the noble person that she expected him to be. She understands that she can no longer continue as a shadow of her husband. She turned out to be a classical hero in the contemporary male dominated society that oppressed women to the core and considered them as a second-class citizen.She just initiated an awakening and made a classical turn in history.SourcesIbsen, Henrik. A Dolls family unit. Introduction to Literature Reading, Analyzing, and Writing. Englewood Cliffs Prent ice, 1990. Henrik Ibsen. Dolls House The Wild Duck The Lady from the Sea . J M crack Sons Ltd, 1979. Marianne Sturman. CliffsNotes on Ibsens A Dolls House Hedda Gabler. Cliffs Notes, 2003. Egil Tornqvist. Ibsen A Dolls House. Cambridge University Press, 2004. Henrik Ibsen A Dolls House and Other Plays. Penguin Classics, 1965.

Purpose and Meaning of Education Essay Example for Free

figure and Meaning of facts of life EssayPoverty is my pride, struggle is my panache of life, education is my branch and love of Allah is my strength. (Hazrat Mohammad PBUH). Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of the great unwashed are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, research, or simply through auto-didacticism. Gener everyy, it occurs through any(prenominal) experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. Islam has put great stress on Education. The very first word of the first revelation was Iqra performer read. The Holy record emphasizes more that seeking of knowledge is compulsory upon every man woman. Islam has given very clear operating instructions for the Education and has made it compulsory for all the genders equally. The purpose of education according to Islam is to cause the humanity in every possible way and lead a peacef ul life by obeying the commandments of Allah (the further originator of the entire universe).Lack of education is the root cause of every trouble and misery. It is education only by which we can bring change, peace as well as prosperity in the world. Our aim should be clear in this regard that the only possible way to get down human life as better as we can is education only. We know very well that education is the only limb which is the best anti-biotic to every evil cause. We can destroy every evil strength through this weapon and bring desirable changes in every part of the globe. Today when we look at the world we disclose it divided on the bases of religion, race, colour, caste, creed and tribe. Sectarian and ethnic discrimination has drawn the boundaries of hate and egotism. We can inhibit all these by spreading education in the entire world and coiffe it a way towards social and global brotherhood on the basis of humanity.Past history proves that human is the most haz ardous creature on this planet which is why today we see this bloody picture and insecurity all over the world but if we adopt the education in our characters and deeds we can surely make this world a better place to live on. When we speak about standard education it means there should be same and qualitative education across the world so that every human being can seek it in the very same like others do. Standard education impart destroy the poverty, misery, and hunger from the world. No any other human doctrine can stop the last of human beings except the education as it the need of the hour as well as the only way for the survival of humanity.Conclusion.From the above mentioned facts and realities it is quite clear that the meaning, purpose and cause of education should be to serve the humanity without any kind of discrimination on the basis of equality so that we can make our world a place better to live on peacefully and purposefully.

Voltammetric Methods for Trace Analysis of Chromium Essay Example for Free

Voltammetric Methods for darkness Analysis of Chromium EssayVoltammetric rules of synopsis, which have been apply since the innovation of polarography in 1922, witnessed a serious decline in use and was even threatened with extinction with the ontogenesis of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) in the mid-1960s (Bond, 1980, pp. 2-3). The remarkable espial limits of AAS, coup direct with its ability to de enclosureine about all the metallic elements, was beyond the reach of classical polarography, which had come to be regarded as a precise unattractive technique due to its clumsy instrumentation. However, there has been a resurgence of interest in the electro analytic techniques during the yesteryear years, mainly as a result of the appearance of vastly improved, commercially available instrumentation which has interpreted full advantage of the electronic revolution. In parallel with the instrumental developments, there have similarly been attach to advances in the th eoretical aspects of electroanalytical techniques with the development of, for example, ax, pulse and husking techniques.As a consequence, voltammetry is now established as an extremely versatile, sensitive, rapid and inexpensive analytical technique which has found applications in or so beas of analytical chemistry. The vestigial beliefs of polarography be expound by Bond (1980), though he recounts developments in polarographic techniques that have led to the renaissance and widespread adoption of voltammetry. Over the last 15-20 years, there has been a revolution in the real data regarding the distributions and chemical behavior of trace elements in born(p) waters.This revolution has been brought about by the credit that any analytical methodology has to account for the risks of contamination as well as analyte losses gnarly during the sampling and sample handling steps. Thus clean techniques have been developed and adopted for the collection, preservation, storage and abstract of water samples for trace analysis. This, coupled with the advent of extremely sensitive techniques, has resulted in concentrations of trace elements in brine being shown to be factors of 10 to 1000 clips lower than those previously accepted (Donat, et al. , 1995, p. 247).This in change fix has led to a demand for more accurate data to be generated at lower concentrations. The center of this paper is to discuss voltammetric methods for the analysis of one of the biogeochemically important trace metals in natural water chromium. Voltammetric Methods AAS (especially Electrothermal AAS) techniques argon generally regarded as the ultimate methods of maculation for ultra-trace analysis because of the detection limits attainable by these techniques.However, in the form of Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV), voltammetry offers a technique that, in specific cases, can rival these techniques with respect to detection limits, reproducibility and ease of operation. The extreme aesthesia of ASV is due to the analyte preconcentration step inherent to the technique, whereas the spectrometric techniques rely on a prior analyte preconcentration step. Another advantage that ASV offers is that it can speciate the analyte species on the basis of their lability in the natural middling (Florence, 1986)The full(prenominal) sensitivity of ASV allows for the mark of metal speciation in natural waters without the necessity of orthogonal pre-concentration. ASV involves two steps deposition step, which is an internal pre-concentration, during which a negative potential is applied at the atomic tote up 80 drop (i. e. the working electrode) and the metal ion is reduced to the metal which dissolves in the hectogram drop forming an amalgam, followed by the uncovering step, during which a positive-going potential scan causes re-oxidation of the metal in the amalgam.Thus, the amalgamated metals argon stripped out of the mercury electrode and give rise to anodic peri od up-to-the-minutes, whose heights are proportional to the ASV-labile (i. e. ASV-measurable) metal species (Willard et al. , 1988, p. 719). The applicability of ASV is contingent on the metal to be set being soluble in mercury to form an amalgam. This destiny severely limits its widespread application in environmental analysis and ASV has remained more or less bound to the decision of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn.In this respect, the applicability of ASV is very(prenominal) restrictive, in contrast to the capability of AAS or ICP techniques, which are readily applicable for the use of most of the elements in the episodic Table (Willard et al. , 1988). In parallel with ASV, cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV) techniques have likewise been employ for trace element analysis. Until relatively recently, this technique was viewed as the reverberate image of ASV (Wang, 1985).In classical CSV, the analyte species is electrolytically preconcentrated as an insoluble Hg species on the electro de by the imposition of a relatively positive, constant potential during the deposition stage. The applied potential results in the formation of Hg22+ ions on the electrode surface. Analyte species fit of forming insoluble Hg compounds react with the Hg22+ to form an insoluble film on the surface of the electrode. During the stripping stage, a negative potential scan is applied on the electrode, resulting in the simplification of this insoluble compound to Hg0 and the master key analyte ion.The faradaic current resulting from this reduction forms the analytical signal. In this preconcentration mode, CSV is applicable to the analysis of mainly anionic species and has been used for the analysis of halides, cyanide, sulphide and a variety of organic compounds (Wang, 1985). The applicability of CSV has now been extended to the finis of metallic species spare-time activity visualizeable research into a new, non-electrolytic method of preconcentration during the last decade.This pre concentration method is based on the observation that umpteen organic compounds exhibit surface active properties that are manifested by their surface assimilation from solution onto the surface of a solid phase. Adsorption has been regarded as an undesirable adverse effect in polarography for a long time but enhancements in polarographic waves had been observed and attributed to adsorption since the early days of polarography (Bond, 1980). Pihlar et al. (1981) were the number one to exploit adsorption of the dimethylglyoxime thickening of Ni on the Hg electrode for the preconcentration of Ni before its stripping.Since past(prenominal), procedures for the determination of a large number of trace elements have been developed and applied to environmental samples. Wang (1989) provides excellent review on the development, potentials and applications of CSV, which contains a diminutive treatment of the fundamental principles of CSV, the mechanisms of hard adsorption and of the st ripping step. The principle behind the new method is very simple under optimized solution conditions, the analyte (generally metal ions) reacts with an added ligand to form a complex which is adsorbed on the surface electrode during the preconcentration stage.This complex is then reduced during the stripping stage, which consists of the application of a negative potential scan on the electrode. During the stripping stage, the reduction process producing the peak current may be due to the reduction of the metal ion, the reduction of the ligand or the simultaneous reduction of both the ligand and the metal ion. The selectivity of the method is determined by the judicious pick of the complex-forming ligand and, since the reaction between the ligand and the analyte is usually dependent on the oxidation relegate of the analyte species, speciation analysis is generally achieved (Wang, 1985).A comprehensive review of ligands used in, and metals determinable by CSV is given by (Paneli, 19 93). It can be conceived that with the election of a proper ligand, any metallic species should be amenable to CSV determination, opening up the whole Periodic Table to this extremely sensitive, selective and inexpensive analytical technique. The reduction of the ligand can be used for the determination of metals which are reduced at very negative potentials. It is no wonder therefore that so often activity has been channeled towards the search for new ligands for CSV of trace metals in environmental samples.Almost two decades after the technique was number 1 used for the determination of nickel, there is some continuing debate as to the name of the technique. Since the adsorption phenomenon is utilized for preconcentration of the analyte species, the technique has also been referred to as chemisorptive Stripping Voltammetry, (AdSV), as well as Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (AdCSV), whereas many workers simply refer to it as CSV based on the direction of the current flow during the reduction.Following a discussion on the pros and cons of the different names used for the technique, Fogg (1994) reached the conclusion that the term cathodic stripping voltammetry with adsorptive accumulation would be more informative. However, he acknowledged that the term cathodic stripping will continue to be used. In contrast to the analytical methods, electrochemical methods for trace metal analysis are very fast and require relatively simple and inexpensive instrumentation.If the complexing ligand is chosen such that the reaction occurs selectively between the ligand and the analyte in a given oxidation state, speciation is achievable without lengthy separation steps and the preconcentration inherent to the technique precludes the t come down for a potentially contaminating preconcentration step (Wang, 1985). The whole analytical procedure can generally be carried out within the confines of a clean bench, which is a major asset in trace analysis.The fact th at the material adsorbed on the mercury electrode is readily friendly for instantaneous reduction during the stripping stage leads to the flow of a large current, which is the analytical signal. Hence tall sensitivities, i. e. , extremely low detection limits, can be achieved. In CSV, detection limits in the sub-g/L level are routinely achieved using preconcentration times of 1-3 min (Wang, 1985). All these assets make CSV potentially the most appropriate technique for environmental, and, specifically, natural water analysis. Voltammetric Analytical Methods for ChromiumChromium occurs principally in character as the extremely stable mineral chromite, FeO. Cr2O3. In most soils and bedrocks, it is similarly immobilized in the trivalent state however, the environmental concentrations of chromium are significantly in excess of the natural mobilization of the element by weathering processes. This is because chromium and its compounds have widespread industrial applications, resulting i n large quantities of the element being discharged in the environment (Bowen, 1979). The chromium concentrations encountered in natural waters are very low concentrations vary from 0. 1 to 0. 3 g/L in seawater and from 0.3 to 6 g/L in spotless surface waters (Bowen, 1979).The call for of the chemical speciation of chromium in natural waters has been a consequence of great interest for 40 years. The speciation studies have almost exclusively focused on the distribution of chromium between Cr(III) and Cr(VI) (Fukai, 1967, p. 901). Polarographic methods for the analysis of chromium have long been established but the detection limits do not permit their application to natural waters. However, it was during the polarographic study of Cr in supporting medium containing EDTA and nitrate ions that an important observation was make by Tanaka and Ito (1966).These authors found that the Cr polarographic waves were unusually high in this medium and attributed it to the catalytic re-oxidation of an intermediate Cr(II)-EDTA complex by nitrate ions. Golimowski et al. (1985) were the first to recognize the exercise of adsorption in the polarographic determination of Cr in the presence of DTPA as supporting electrolyte. They showed that the Cr-DTPA is adsorbed on Hg whereas Cr-EDTA is not, hence the notion that DTPA is more suitable than EDTA for the polarographic determination of Cr. Golimowski et al.(1985) exploited the adsorption of the Cr-DTPA complex for the preconcentration of the analyte at a Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode and thus published the first CSV method for chromium. DTPA was used as the complexing ligand and the catalytic effect of nitrate ions was used for enhancement of the reduction currents. In what would be the first application of a voltammetric technique for the determination of chromium at levels prevalent in natural waters, they account a detection limit of 20 g/L for a 2-min deposition time.The superiority of this analytical method vis-a-vis the non-electrochemical methods was unquestionable. The CSV method provided not that the required detection limit, but it did so without the need for any separate sample pretreatment steps (Golimowski et al. , 1985). However, Golimowski et al. (1985) failed to consider that the sensitivity of Cr(III) was less than that of Cr(VI), although this observation had already been made by Zarebski in 1977. These authors also failed to observe that the reaction of Cr(III) was transient (see below). According to Golimowski et al.(1985) therefore, the method was applicable for the determination of total chromium and they claimed success in its application for the determination of chromium in river, lake, sea and rain water. Given the view of Golimowski et al. (1985) regarding the applicability of the DTPA method for the determination to Cr(III), Torrance and Gatford (1987) made a very thorough study of the CSV of the Cr-DTPA complex and confirmed that the responses of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were inde ed different. They found that the Cr(VI)Cr(III) response ratio was 141 at 0. 1 g/L and 1. 21 at 1 g/L of Cr respectively.These authors also found that with both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) there was a kinetic effect that produced a come in peak current with time this decrease was more severe for Cr(III), with a decrease of 15% in the first 5 min after the addition of DTPA. Therefore it was concluded that Cr(III) and Cr(VI) cannot be determined in a solution unless all Cr(III) is oxidized to Cr(VI). They achieved this by heating the sample solutions with bromine water and attained detection limits of 0. 023 g/L Cr as Cr(VI) (Torrance and Gatford, 1987).Scholz et al. (1990) also confirmed that the DTPA method works reliably sole(prenominal) for Cr(VI) and proposed that, for the speciation of chromium, total chromium be determined as Cr(VI) after prior conversion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) by uv-irradiation. Cr(VI) only was determined after a prior step in which the Cr(III) was removed from solutio n by coprecipitation with AI(OH)3. Cr(III) could then be obtained by difference.The use of DTPA as the complexing ligand in the determination of chromium was further studied by Boussemart et al. (1992), who devised and optimized a method for the speciation of chromium in natural water. These authors observed that the sensitivity for Cr(III) was about 70% of the Cr(VI) sensitivity. They also found that the response for Cr(III) was transient, disappearing completely in about 30 min. They therefore devised a method whereby the CSV peak current was recorded under optimized conditions immediately after the addition of DTPA to the voltammetric cell. The peak current at this time would be equivalent to the response due to Cr(III) and Cr(VI).Then, after 30 min (when the Cr(III) was believed not to be responding), they carried out a determination of Cr(VI) by a Cr(VI) standards addition. The concentration of Cr(III) was estimated from the initial response of Cr(III) plus Cr(VI). Thus, they r eport a detection limit of 0. 1 nM (ca. 5 ng/L) for a 2-min deposition time. Although they used this method for the speciation of Cr in natural water, it is deficient in that the Cr(III) can only be estimated (Boussemart et al. , 1992).Apparently, these authors failed to consider the findings of Torrance and Gatford (1987) regarding the differing ratios of Cr(VI)Cr(III) responses at different concentrations as well as the rapidly decreasing response of Cr(III). The rate of decrease of the Cr(III) response is such that by the time the solution is purged and the first voltammetric run completed, there already is a substantial loss in signal. If, as is normal practice, voltammetric runs are carried out in triplicate and, as proposed, a deposition time of 2 min is chosen, it would be impossible to quantify the initial response due to the Cr(III).However, this method is very useful because it enables total Cr(VI) to be determined without any sample pretreatment step. belike having reali zed the deficiencies of the above method, Boussemart and van den Berg (1994) later published another method for the determination of Cr(III) in natural water. In this case, the Cr(III) was preconcentrated by adsorption on silica. The adsorbed Cr(III) was later released by converting it to Cr(VI) by uv-irradiation and this Cr(VI) was determined by CSV, with DTPA as the complexing ligand. ConclusionFrom the discussion above it can be seen that analytical methods with the required sensitivity for the speciation determination of chromium in natural water can be based on electrochemical techniques with better attainable detection. Additionally, the electrochemical techniques generally involve less sample pretreatment and are faster and cheaper to perform. For these reasons, electroanalytical methods are preferable for the determination of chromium. Of the stripping techniques discussed, the method based on DTP A seems best suited to the determination of Cr(VI) in natural water, because C r(III) does not respond.However, the difficulty faced in determining Cr(III) is a major drawback. Considering the methods described above, the complete speciation of chromium would need the complete oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) or the physical separation of the Cr(III) species as through in the methods by Boussemart and van den Berg (1994), or Scholz et al. (1990). These pretreatment steps are lengthy and are potentially likely to introduce analyte losses as well as contamination in the analytical method.The incorporation of sample pretreatment steps seems to be contrary to the spirit of electroanalytical techniques where excellent sensitivity coupled with control and minimal sample handling is lauded as the great asset of the technique. The complete speciation of chromium could in principle be achieved without any need for sample pretreatment by the use of two different complexing ligands, for example, DTPA for Cr(VI) only and then cupferron or 2,2-bipyridine for total chromium (Cr(III) plus Cr(VI)). The difference between total chromium and Cr(VI) would then be equivalent to Cr(III).However, adoption of such a speciation scheme has apparently not yet been investigated, probably because it would imply undesirable additional time and costs (costs and purification of additional chemicals etc. ) in the overall process.ReferencesBond, A. M. (1980). red-brick Polarographic Methods in Analytical Chemistry. New York Marcel Dekker. Boussemart, M. , van den Berg, C. M. G. , Ghaddaf, M. (1992). The determination of the chromium speciation in sea water using catalytic cathodic stripping voltammetry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 262, 103115.Boussemart, M., van den Berg, C. (1994). Preconcentration of chromium (III) from seawater by adsorption on silica. and voltammetric determination. Analyst, 119, 1349-1353. Bowen, H. J. M. (1979). Environmental Chemistry of the Elements. Academic Press. Donat, J. R. , Bruland, K. W. (1995). Trace Elements in the Oceans, in Salbu, B. and Stei nnes, E. (Eds. ), Trace Elements in Natural Waters. CRC Press. Fogg, A. G. (1994). Adsorptive stripping voltammetry or cathodic stripping voltammetry? Methods of accumulation and determination in stripping voltammetry. Anal. Proc. , 31, 313-317.

Writing an Article Summary Essay Example for Free

Writing an Article Summary EssayThe first step to report a summary of a specific reading material is, of course, to read the altogether article. This is easier said than do because reading is not just scanning the whole page. It is about devoting time to understand the paper and digesting the whole article. Re-reading may also be needed to be familiarized with general information, hypothesis, results and interpretations found in the article. indicant the article is followed by taking down notes. Here, plagiarism should be avoided by all means. There is a world of difference between taking down notes and taking down notes properly. Sometimes, a sentence appears lift even when the author did not intend do, all because of the improper ways of taking down notes. discover taking is also heavy in creating the outline or backbone of the summary that is about to be written. After this, the actual writing of the summary is next. In writing the draft, it is important to follow the o rder from the authoritative text.The topic sentence must be mentioned first, followed by an explanation on why the article is a must-read. If there are methods, terms and variables and results included in the article, they, too, should be explained. This is the chance to omit sentences or information which the article can do without (Sweeney and Hooker, 2005). Critiquing the study comes next, where scouting for areas which need improvement is done. Here, questions about the credibility and esteem of the summary should be raised.Critiquing is a way to make sure that the summary is helpful, ethical and significant. It shows why it ask to be done. The fifth step is editing, which is a means to double-check the summary for accuracy and completeness. If the summary lacks important information, add some. If anything sounds redundant, cut it. Editing is about ensuring that the style of the summary remains to be intelligent. Wordiness, informal language, grammatical slips and misspelled words and misrepresentation should be looked after.The main purpose of editing is making sure that the summary is acceptable, readable and focused (Greenway, 1997).ReferencesGreenway, W. (1997). Writing a Summary. Youngstown State University. Retrieved July 9, 2008 from http//iws. ohiolink. edu/sg-ysu/sumwg. html. Sweeney, T. and Fran H. (2005). Streamlining the Summary, Perfecting the Precis. Webster University Writing Center. Retrieved July 9, 2008 from http//www. webster. edu/acadaffairs/asp/wc/summary. html.

Analyzing Dickinson’s Poetry Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Dickinsons Poetry EssayTo analyze Dickinsons poetry, this wallpaper provide involve the analysis of three of her works, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers, I comprehend a Fly Buzz-when I died, and The school principal-is wider than the Sky.1. The poems were written in the first person. Since most of her poems tackled the depressing emplacement of death, the speaker of the poem can in detail be a dead person. However, it seemed that ED whitethorn also be assuming an all-observing, all-seeing speaker like God. In the Brain-is wider than the sky, it even seemed that God was in fact the speaker since the weight of God was compared to the brain. As for the poems audiences, it may be that the literary works were directed towards the living people who are not safe within alabaster chamber and who have not heard the buzzing fly as they lay on their deathbeds.2. In the The Brain is wider than the sky, thither is really no definite setting, it can be likened to any moment of rationalization. In I heard a fly buzz when I died, the setting was in a deathbed date it was perhaps in the cemetery for the poem Safe in the alabaster chambers. The situation was related to to dying. It may be that the speaker is already dead, or nearing his death. N bingletheless, the action in the poems remains the same surrendering to the abyss.3. almost of the poems had their verbs in the present tense, and in the indicative mood. The style may be to emphasize that the speaker is genuinely experiencing whatever situation is being imparted in the poems. Such style makes the poems more contemporary and typical, and thus engage to read and easier to relate to despite the fact that they were written centuries ago. The syntax may also indicate that the poems will be eternal since the action involved is always presented as a current situation.4. In her poems, Dickinson uses 2 formal patterns alternatively- tetrameter and trimeter. In every stanza, the first and third lines always have four stresses while there are only three stresses in the second and fourth lines. The rhyme schemes come in the ABCB form.5. Dickinson uses the slope rhyme in the second and fourth lines of the first two or three stanzas to provide a sense of association and form. In the last stanza however, she then uses a true rhyme also in the last words of the second and fourth stanzas to emphasize conclusions to the proposed action.6. In The Brain is deeper than the sky, the phrases The brain is and The one the other will were repeated thrice and twice, respectively, to give both indicative and comparative effects. The repetition emphasizes the matter of the poem the brain and stresses its association with other elements the sea, the sky, and the weight of God.7. To extensively describe the subjects of her poems, Dickinson The poem contained metaphors and personifications to describe her chosen subjects. In one poem, she likened a fly to death perhaps to stress out the repugn ance of not being able to experience the simple joys of living. It is also important to note that she always compared the poems settings to universally recognizable elements of nature. For example, she likened the stillness of being dead to heaves of storm.8. The effectiveness of Dickinsons poems in relaying thematic obsessions may rely on the fact that she uses a mixture of experiences to convey the setting of her works. In Safe in their Alabaster Chambers, Dickinson describes the situation of the dead through their inability to be moved(p) by morning, feel the sunshine, and hear the birds and the bees. She also totally equates death to soundlessness, darkness, and numbness. The same image associations can also be observed in I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died. However, in contrast to the first poem, the latters scenario of soundlessness exempted the buzzing of the fly. In The Brain-is wider than the Sky, opthalmic comparisons were made with the brain and major elements of nature.9. In most of the poems, the speaker just describes poem subjects in similitude to what she sees, feels, or hears. In the process, she narrates her observations and seemingly creates an underlying story for her works. In these stories, the climactic moment is death and the resolve is ones total submission to the darkness and numbness of losing her life.10. Dickinsons poems are mostly playfully dreadful as they deal with death in relation to bees, sunshine, and castles. Death was portrayed as a very awful situation of being deprived of the small things which make living simply a pleasant experience. Although not portrayed as something gruesome, the description of a death as a inherent and inevitable experience adds dread to poems tone.

University and Research Essay Example for Free

University and search EssayAuthor information Article nones secure and License information Having spent 40 years in universities, I have had sufficient while to consider some of the idiosyncrasies, foibles and problems of these faculty member institutions. The purpose of this editorial is to discuss the current state of university look for and pardon why I find some aspects of the current situation disturbing. Changes that started during the second half of the 20th cytosine and that have continued into the 21st threaten to bring active fundamental changes in the nature of universities. virtually of the changes be commendable, for example, the turgid expansion in the proportion of the population attending universities, at to the lowest degree in the richer nations. Other trends are disturbing, especially the increasing tendency of governments and industry to view universities as engines for short-term sparing gain. While universities surely usher out non ignore the context in which they function and the needs of society, responding purely to short-term economic considerations threatens to subvert the very nature of universities and some of the benefits they provide to society.So what exactly is a university and what is its purpose? I very much prefer the Oxford English Dictionary rendering of the word university to some of the more utilitarian definitions in separate dictionaries. The Oxford definition reads, in part, whole body of teachers and scholars engaged in the higher branches of learning. Thus, it is the companionship of mental power and students that is the essence of a university. The higher branches of learning in which teachers and scholars engage have 2 fundamental products the amend minds that are essential for the well-being of society, and new k at a timeledge and ideas.Some of that new knowledge go away enrich society by producing economic growth, directly or indirectly, moreover the benefits of new knowledge g o uttermost beyond economic gain. Universities have always been subjected to outside influences. The oldest European university, the University of Bologna, has existed at least since the 1080s. Some magazine before 1222, to the highest degree 1000 students left Bologna and founded a new university in Padua because of the grievous law-breaking that was brought to bear on their academic liberties and the failure to acknowledge the privileges solemnly granted to teachers and students.1 The outside baulk came from the Roman Catholic Church, and, for several centuries, Padua was home to the only university in Europe where non-Catholics could get a university education. both(prenominal) Bologna and Padua were student-controlled universities with students electing the professors and fixing their salaries. However, in spite of marked differences, there are similarities between what happened then and what is fortuity today, with important outside influences then the dogma of religion, now the dogma of business threatening to change the activities of the community of teachers and scholars.The seeds of what is happening now were sown in the years following World War II. Before the war the most important influence on a faculty member was probably the departmental chair, who in those days had power to influence in an important way what went on in the department. no(prenominal)theless, a faculty member would have had access to departmental resources and would not necessarily have required outside enquiry funding (although such funding was sometimes available from private foundations). The mechanism of funding investigate, and the amount of silver available for interrogation, changed greatly in the postwar years.In 1945, Vannevar renders landmark report to President Harry Truman, wisdom the Endless Frontier,2 had an important influence on university research. In this report, Bush stated, The publicly and privately supported colleges, universities, and research institutes are the centers of basic research. They are the wellsprings of knowledge and understanding. As long as they are vigorous and sanitary and their scientists are free to pursue the truth wherever it may lead, there go away be a flow of new scientific knowledge to those who can apply it to practical problems in Government, in industry, or elsewhere. Bush supported the idea that the US government should provide strong financial support for university research, merely withal supported the idea that the individual investigator should be the main determinant of the topics for investigation, with statements such as scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, running(a) on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown.2 In the latter half of the last century, many countries get intoed the model of granting councils, which used a system found on peer review to distribute propert y for investigator-initiated research. This model has been a great achievement, but it has also contributed to important changes in universities. Much more money has been available to support medical research, basic learning research and engineering research than has been available for the social acquaintances or arts. Thus, decisions about support for different disciplines devolved from the universities to governments, who unflinching on the budgets of their various grant-giving bodies.Also, individual researchers who were successful in obtaining grants no longer depended as much on departmental facilities. In my opinion, this not only weakened the power of departmental chairs but also rock-bottom collegiality within departments. With change magnitude enrolments, as a university education became accessible to a great proportion of the population, and an change magnitude need for infrastructure for the larger student population and for complex research equipment, administra tors became more concerned about sources of funding and consequently more detached from the faculty.There is always a tendency for senior academic administrators to speak and behave as though they were the university (when of word form they are there to spend a penny on the community of teachers and scholars). This is of course a normal human trait, no different from the tendency of politicians to forget that they are elected to serve the people. However, this increasing detachment of senior university administrators from the faculty has facilitated the erosion of collegiality within departments and universities.The individual personalities of university faculty probably also facilitated this change. I learned recently, when looking at the literature on personality, that an inverse correlation between acquaintance and conscientiousness has been demonstrated in a number of studies (see, for example, Moutafi et al3). Thus, it might be more than just my paranoia lead me to believe that the small proportion of university faculty who lack conscientiousness and collegiality is larger than in some other walks of life.The erosion of collegiality is not a matter of great significance, except that it probably played a design in making researchers more open to the efforts of governments to transform them into entrepreneurs. The most recent and possibly the most important change in university research resulted from the jab by governments to market the results of such research. In the United States, the Bayh-Dole pretend of 1980 encouraged universities to license to private industry discoveries made with federal funds.4 The push by governments for commercial-gradeisation of new knowledge grew during the 1980s and 1990s and continues to have an important influence on universities. Recently, Lord Sainsbury, the wisdom and innovation minister in the United Kingdom, boasted that there had been a cultural change in universities there, which has resulted in a substant ial increase in university spin-offs. 5 In 2002 the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada entered an agreement with the government to icon the amount of research performed by these institutions and to triple their commercialization performance by 2010.6 Although this agreement was reached in the absence of any broad consultation with the faculty who are supposed to commercialize their work, the universities seem to be well on track to achieve this objective, with a 126% increase in revenues from licence royalties between 1999 and 2001. 7Most study universities now have a technology transfer office, and at many universities success in commercialization is taken into account when faculty are considered for tenure. Will there come a time when success in commercialization carries the same weight as (or more weight than) teaching and research in the awarding of tenure?The end result of all the changes discussed above is that individual faculty members have get under ones skin much more analogous entrepreneurs whose main allegiance is to the maintenance or growth of their own research programs and not infrequently to the commercialization of their research. The researcher exploring Vannevar Bushs endless frontier could be considered the modern equivalent of the homesteader taming the seemingly endless frontier of the 19th century American West.8 This is not necessarily bad if a new generation of university research entrepreneurs provides the new knowledge that will benefit patients and society. However, the change in culture that made university faculty more like entrepreneurs also made them more open to the swear of governments to make them entrepreneurs in the economic sense. Although the nature of universities has been changing, there was no threat to the fundamental nature of universities until the look at for commercialization began.A recent report of the Canadian Association of University Teachers9 states that university administrators have been building more and more ranked management structures that place the future of academic medical specialty in danger. The reports main concern is that incentives to create commercializable products push economic concerns, rather than scientific and ethical considerations, to the forefront. 9In the fields of biologic psychiatry and behavioural neuroscience the tension oncommercial applications has already, to some extent, moved research priorities away from an emphasis on mental well-being to an emphasis on commercial products. There are many examples of this shift.For example, more research is being carried out on antidepressant drug drug drugs than on psychotherapeutics, even though in mild to moderate depression (the majority of cases) drugs and psychotherapy are approximately equal in efficacy. There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of exercise10,11 and fish oils12,13 in the treatment and prevention of depression.However, these strategies receive much less attenti on than antidepressant drugs. Even an established antidepressant treatment such as S-adenosylmethionine ( alike)14 receives little attention. Searching the abstracts of the 2004 meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, I found 179 with the discover word antidepressant and only 4 with the key word S-adenosylmethionine, and none of those 4 was concerned with the antidepressant action of SAMe. SAMe is a major methyl donor and seems to work in a essentially different way from any product being investigated by drug companies.Surely we could expect that an antidepressant acting through a different mechanism would be a popular topic of investigation. However, SAMe is a natural product and not of commercial interest. Similarly, insights into what exercise or fish oils do to the maven may provide important insights into the pathophysiology of depression and its treatment, but these subjects receive little attention. Many basic science researchers investigating the mechanisms of antidepres sants produced by drug companies do not receive funding from those companies.However, enough are lured by drug company research funds into working on topics of interest to the companies to significantly influence what are fashionable topics of research. Laboratories with funding from industry can often afford more trainees, who may then adopt a more industry-centred approach in their own research. While the availability of funds from industry has certainly influenced research, the coerce on university faculty to commercialize the results of their research will undoubtedly cause even greater distortion in the areas of research that are most popular.Granting agencies have increasingly tried to foster research in neglected areas by allocating funds to specific areas of research and requesting applications in those areas. Although this approach is certainly necessary, it has not done much to alter the effects of drug company money on research output. Also, in some ways it moves researc h even further away from the ideal in Vannevar Bushs report that Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown.2 This model was notably successful in the last half of the 20th century, but it may not survive the pressure to commercialize. While there is still much scope for curiosity-driven research, the curiosity of researchers is likely to be aligned increasingly with the interests of drug companies. As mentioned above, a cultural change has accompanied the increasing commercialization of university research. The pressure to commercialize has been critiqued in some quarters, but many university faculty have nonetheless embraced commercialization, or at least upholded unconcerned about it.Are we far from a time when a researcher without a transparent that is being commercialized will be regarded in the same way as those who do not publish regularly in the top journals? And how long will it be before governments make commercialization a mandate of granting councils and a requirement for the majority of grants? A fascination with the workings of the brain and how it can malfunction in mental illness is the usual motivator for researchers in neuroscience and psychiatry research.As a result, curiosity-driven research will always tend to serve the best interests of patients. Although research driven by commercial interests will certainly benefit psychiatrical patients in some ways, it cannot serve their overall needs, as it is much too narrowly focused. The designation of funds by granting agencies for specific neglected topics will help but is unlikely to produce any large changes in the direction of research. Thus, the biggest losers from the pressure to commercialize will be psychiatric patients.In addition I am concerned whether students who are trained to focus on the short-term commercial implications of t heir research will be able to maintain the breadth of vision that is a characteristic of the majority of creative researchers. Changes due to pressure from governments to commercialize are not limited to researchers. The increased emphasis on commercialization in universities has in some ways distorted the perceptions of senior university administrators about the purpose of the institutions. For example, there seems to be a lack of concern about some of the sources of funds that universities receive.Universities now hold patents on many life-saving drugs. These patents sometimes limit access to the drugs, particularly in low-income countries. 15 In Canada, one-quarter of the faculties of medicine receive funding from the tobacco industry. 16 Perhaps a suitable future definition of a university will be a whole body of teachers and scholars engaged in turning ideas into profit. In 13th century Italy the response to interference by the Roman Catholic Church in the work of scholars was a move to another location to escape the interference.In the 21st century that option is not available even to the minority who are concerned about the drive to commercialize. However, the picture is not altogether bleak. Charitable foundations will remain immune to commercial interests. In addition, even though charitable foundations will probably remain relatively small players in the funding of research, there are promising signs. For example, the hooter and Melinda Gates Foundation, created in 2000, has an endowment of about US$27 billion and is striving to use its money for the benefit of humankind in areas neglected by governments.This foundation is not involved in psychiatric research, but its focus on preventive approaches may help to direct interest to that important area. query on prevention in psychiatry is still in its infancy and will certainly remain that way if short-term commercial considerations stay paramount. However, charitable foundations cannot be expected to have any large effect on the change in university culture brought about by the drive to commercialize. Although I would like to be able to end this editorial on a more hopeful note, I am concerned about these cultural changes, and I do not see any solution.Still, one lesson from archives is that the communities of teachers and scholars making up universities have adapted to many changes over the centuries without changing the fundamental nature of universities, and they will surely continue to do so. I am just not sure how. Go to - Footnotes Competing interests None declared. Correspondence to Dr. Simon N. Young, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave. W, Montreal QC H3A 1A1 fax 514 398-4370 simon. emailprotected ca Go to -References 1. History. Padua (Italy) Universita Degli Studi di Padova. Availablewww. unipd. it/en/university/history. htm (accessed 2004 Dec 13). 2. Bush V. Science the endless frontier. A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, July 1945. 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